From crisis to silence: systemic failures in mental healthcare for transgender and gender diverse people in Ontario
Lam JSG, Zaheer J, Anderson VIR, de Silva Wijeyeratne R, Kurdyak P. Healthc Q. 2025; 28(2).
Confronting the confounders: the meaning, detection, and treatment of confounders in research
When one variable is studied to try to explain another, the relationship between them may be biased by a third variable. The bias, known as 'confounding,' is common and must be minimized in research. This description is deceptively simple, though. Identifying confounding is complex but can be reduced to a stepped procedure. By way of examples, this article describes confounding and how to recognize it.