{"id":24139,"date":"2026-06-02T16:11:22","date_gmt":"2026-06-02T20:11:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/?post_type=journal_article&#038;p=24139"},"modified":"2026-06-04T16:23:17","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T20:23:17","slug":"immigration-status-and-time-to-accessing-publicly-funded-flash-glucose-monitoring-systems","status":"publish","type":"journal_article","link":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/publications\/journal-articles\/immigration-status-and-time-to-accessing-publicly-funded-flash-glucose-monitoring-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"Immigration status and time to accessing publicly funded flash glucose monitoring systems"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Importance<\/strong> \u2014 Ontario\u2019s public drug program (Ontario Drug Benefit [ODB]) announced coverage for flash glucose monitoring (FGM) systems effective September 16, 2019, for eligible patients with insulin-requiring diabetes. However, even within the context of a publicly funded program, access to benefits is complex and can be inequitable.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Objective<\/strong> \u2014 To evaluate the association between immigration status and time to accessing the FGM system through the ODB program.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Design, setting, and participants<\/strong> \u2014 This population-based cohort study used retrospective data on Ontario residents 66 years or older who were ODB eligible and insulin requiring as of September 15, 2019, and followed up with individuals until March 31, 2023. Statistical analysis was performed from August 2025 to April 2026.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exposure<\/strong> \u2014 Immigrants were propensity score matched with long-term residents on age (within 2 years) and sex.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Main outcome and measure<\/strong> \u2014 Marginal Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine the association between immigration status and the main outcome, time to receipt of first FGM sensor. Secondary analyses stratified the exposure according to timing of immigration (recent immigrants arriving to Canada within 10 years vs long-term immigrants).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Results<\/strong> \u2014 A total of 109\u202f079 individuals (median age, 73 years [IQR, 70-79 years]; 59\u202f649 male [54.7%]) met the inclusion criteria, most of whom were long-term residents (95\u202f677 [87.7%]). Within this cohort, 13\u202f257 of 13\u202f402 immigrants (98.9%) were matched with an equal number of long-term residents. In the primary analysis, immigrants had a significantly lower hazard of initiating FGM compared with long-term residents (36.7 per 100 person-years vs 38.8 per 100 person-years; hazard ratio [HR], 0.95 [95% CI, 0.93-0.98]). In secondary analyses stratified by timing of immigration, recent immigration status was associated with a significantly longer time to FGM initiation compared with long-term residents (HR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.80-0.94]); long-term immigrants also had a significantly lower hazard of initiating FGM compared with long-term residents (HR, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.91-0.98]).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusions and relevance<\/strong> \u2014 In this population-based cohort study of older adults with insulin-requiring diabetes, immigrants faced a longer time to access to FGM systems compared with long-term residents, with the greatest disparity observed among people who immigrated to Canada in the past decade. Efforts are needed to address barriers that may hinder timely access to novel medications or devices, which may include health care system navigation, patient-clinician communication, and cultural or knowledge barriers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Importance \u2014 Ontario\u2019s public drug program (Ontario Drug Benefit [ODB]) announced coverage for flash glucose monitoring (FGM) systems effective September 16, 2019, for eligible patients with insulin-requiring diabetes. However, even within the context of a publicly funded program, access to benefits is complex and can be inequitable. Objective \u2014 To evaluate the association between immigration [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","migration-helper-automated":[],"migration-manual":[],"topic":[42,18],"migration-helper-qa-sample-set":[],"class_list":["post-24139","journal_article","type-journal_article","status-publish","hentry","topic-chronic-diseases-and-multimorbidity","topic-racialized-communities"],"acf":{"citation":"Elias MN, Allin S, Yang J, Chiu M, Shah BR, Wu F, Gomes T. <em>JAMA Netw Open<\/em>. 2026; 9(6): e2616141.","source_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.16141","ices_scientist":[1361,1252],"site":[6733],"research_program":[6746],"news_release":"","journal_article":"","atlas":"","research_report":"","infographic":"","video":"","downloads":null,"links":null,"sitecore_item_id":"","sitecore_item_name":"","sitecore_field_values":"","previous_url":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>ICES | Immigration status and time to accessing publicly funded flash glucose monitoring systems<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Importance \u2014 Ontario\u2019s public drug program (Ontario Drug Benefit ) announced coverage for flash glucose monitoring (FGM) systems effective September 16,\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/publications\/journal-articles\/immigration-status-and-time-to-accessing-publicly-funded-flash-glucose-monitoring-systems\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ICES | Immigration status and time to accessing publicly funded flash glucose monitoring systems\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Importance \u2014 Ontario\u2019s public drug program (Ontario Drug Benefit ) announced coverage for flash glucose monitoring (FGM) systems effective September 16,\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/publications\/journal-articles\/immigration-status-and-time-to-accessing-publicly-funded-flash-glucose-monitoring-systems\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ICES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ICESOntario\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-06-04T20:23:17+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/ic-es-data-discovery-better-health-logo.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"675\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/publications\\\/journal-articles\\\/immigration-status-and-time-to-accessing-publicly-funded-flash-glucose-monitoring-systems\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/publications\\\/journal-articles\\\/immigration-status-and-time-to-accessing-publicly-funded-flash-glucose-monitoring-systems\\\/\",\"name\":\"ICES | Immigration status and time to accessing publicly funded flash glucose monitoring systems\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-06-02T20:11:22+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-06-04T20:23:17+00:00\",\"description\":\"Importance \u2014 Ontario\u2019s public drug program (Ontario Drug Benefit ) announced coverage for flash glucose monitoring (FGM) systems effective September 16,\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/publications\\\/journal-articles\\\/immigration-status-and-time-to-accessing-publicly-funded-flash-glucose-monitoring-systems\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/publications\\\/journal-articles\\\/immigration-status-and-time-to-accessing-publicly-funded-flash-glucose-monitoring-systems\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/publications\\\/journal-articles\\\/immigration-status-and-time-to-accessing-publicly-funded-flash-glucose-monitoring-systems\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Journal Articles\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/publications\\\/journal-articles\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Immigration status and time to accessing publicly funded flash glucose monitoring systems\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/\",\"name\":\"ICES\",\"description\":\"POPULATION-BASED HEALTH RESEARCH THAT MAKES A DIFFERENCE\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"ICES\",\"alternateName\":\"Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/ices-logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/ices-logo.png\",\"width\":\"676\",\"height\":\"618\",\"caption\":\"ICES\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/ICESOntario\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/company\\\/ices-research-institute\\\/\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"ICES | Immigration status and time to accessing publicly funded flash glucose monitoring systems","description":"Importance \u2014 Ontario\u2019s public drug program (Ontario Drug Benefit ) announced coverage for flash glucose monitoring (FGM) systems effective September 16,","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/publications\/journal-articles\/immigration-status-and-time-to-accessing-publicly-funded-flash-glucose-monitoring-systems\/","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"ICES | Immigration status and time to accessing publicly funded flash glucose monitoring systems","og_description":"Importance \u2014 Ontario\u2019s public drug program (Ontario Drug Benefit ) announced coverage for flash glucose monitoring (FGM) systems effective September 16,","og_url":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/publications\/journal-articles\/immigration-status-and-time-to-accessing-publicly-funded-flash-glucose-monitoring-systems\/","og_site_name":"ICES","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ICESOntario\/","article_modified_time":"2026-06-04T20:23:17+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1200,"height":675,"url":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/ic-es-data-discovery-better-health-logo.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/publications\/journal-articles\/immigration-status-and-time-to-accessing-publicly-funded-flash-glucose-monitoring-systems\/","url":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/publications\/journal-articles\/immigration-status-and-time-to-accessing-publicly-funded-flash-glucose-monitoring-systems\/","name":"ICES | Immigration status and time to accessing publicly funded flash glucose monitoring systems","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/#website"},"datePublished":"2026-06-02T20:11:22+00:00","dateModified":"2026-06-04T20:23:17+00:00","description":"Importance \u2014 Ontario\u2019s public drug program (Ontario Drug Benefit ) announced coverage for flash glucose monitoring (FGM) systems effective September 16,","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/publications\/journal-articles\/immigration-status-and-time-to-accessing-publicly-funded-flash-glucose-monitoring-systems\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/publications\/journal-articles\/immigration-status-and-time-to-accessing-publicly-funded-flash-glucose-monitoring-systems\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/publications\/journal-articles\/immigration-status-and-time-to-accessing-publicly-funded-flash-glucose-monitoring-systems\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Journal Articles","item":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/publications\/journal-articles\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Immigration status and time to accessing publicly funded flash glucose monitoring systems"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/","name":"ICES","description":"POPULATION-BASED HEALTH RESEARCH THAT MAKES A DIFFERENCE","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/#organization"},"alternateName":"Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/#organization","name":"ICES","alternateName":"Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences","url":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ices-logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ices-logo.png","width":"676","height":"618","caption":"ICES"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ICESOntario\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/ices-research-institute\/"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/journal_article\/24139","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/journal_article"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/journal_article"}],"acf:post":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/research_program\/6746"},{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/site\/6733"},{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ices_scientist\/1252"},{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ices_scientist\/1361"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24139"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"migration-helper-automated","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/migration-helper-automated?post=24139"},{"taxonomy":"migration-manual","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/migration-manual?post=24139"},{"taxonomy":"topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic?post=24139"},{"taxonomy":"migration-helper-qa-sample-set","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/migration-helper-qa-sample-set?post=24139"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}