{"id":1942,"date":"2022-09-28T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-09-28T04:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/icesontario.wpengine.com\/journal-articles\/association-of-influenza-vaccination-with-sars-cov-2-infection-and-associated-hospitalization-and-mortality-among-patients-aged-66-years-or-older\/"},"modified":"2023-06-14T19:51:52","modified_gmt":"2023-06-14T23:51:52","slug":"association-of-influenza-vaccination-with-sars-cov-2-infection-and-associated-hospitalization-and-mortality-among-patients-aged-66-years-or-older","status":"publish","type":"journal_article","link":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/publications\/journal-articles\/association-of-influenza-vaccination-with-sars-cov-2-infection-and-associated-hospitalization-and-mortality-among-patients-aged-66-years-or-older\/","title":{"rendered":"Association of influenza vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated hospitalization and mortality among patients aged 66 years or older"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Importance<\/strong> &#x2014; Vaccine effectiveness studies have rarely implemented strategies to reduce the healthy vaccinee bias arising from differences in healthcare&#x2013;seeking behavior between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Although previous observational studies suggest that influenza vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2&#x2013;associated outcomes, the healthy vaccinee bias may have led to overestimating the vaccination effect.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Objective<\/strong> &#x2014; To estimate the association between influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2&#x2013;associated outcomes.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"bold\">Design, Setting, and Participants<\/span> &#x2014; This cohort study was conducted over 2 consecutive influenza vaccination campaigns (2019-2020 and 2020-2021), owing to the substantial COVID-19 burden and the greater validity of influenza vaccination data in the studied age group. The study population included community-dwelling adults aged 66 years or older in Ontario, Canada.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exposure<\/strong> &#x2014; Influenza vaccination for a given season.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"bold\">Main Outcomes and Measures<\/span> &#x2014; The outcomes of interest included SARS-CoV-2 infection, SARS-CoV-2&#x2013;associated hospitalization, SARS-CoV-2&#x2013;associated death, and a composite of SARS-CoV-2&#x2013;associated hospitalization or death. Cox proportional hazards models were used to measure the association between influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2&#x2013;associated outcomes, censoring individuals who moved into long-term care, received COVID-19 vaccines, or died before the observation period end date. Primary care periodic health examinations (PHEs) were explored as a negative tracer exposure (ie, no association expected with SARS-CoV-2 outcomes) and as an effect modifier of the association between influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 outcomes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Results<\/strong> &#x2014; Of 2 922 449 individuals aged 66 years or older (54.2% female) living in Ontario, 2 279 805 were included in the study. Among these, 1 234 647 (54.2%) were female and 1 045 158 (45.8%) were male; their mean (SD) age was 75.08 (7.21) years. Those who had received influenza vaccination exhibited a lower incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection than unvaccinated individuals for the 2019-2020 cohort (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.73-0.84) and the 2020-2021 cohort (aHR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.74-0.78). This association was also observed for SARS-CoV-2&#x2013;associated hospitalization or death (2019-2020: aHR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.74-0.92; 2020-2021: aHR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.63-0.70). Similarly, undergoing a PHE was also associated with a lower incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection (aHR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.78-0.91) and SARS-CoV-2&#x2013;associated hospitalization or death (aHR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.70-0.90), and modified the association between influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection for vaccinated individuals who underwent PHE (aHR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.52-0.74) and for vaccinated individuals who did not undergo PHE (aHR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.76-0.87), and also SARS-CoV-2&#x2013;associated hospitalization or death in vaccinated individuals who underwent PHE (aHR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49-0.88) and vaccinated individuals who did not undergo PHE (aHR, 0.85, 95% CI, 0.76-0.95).<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"bold\">Conclusions and Relevance<\/span> &#x2014; The findings of this cohort study suggest that undergoing a PHE may at least partially modify the association between influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2&#x2013;associated outcomes in individuals aged 66 years or older, providing evidence of the healthy vaccinee bias that may affect vaccine effectiveness studies.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Importance &#x2014; Vaccine effectiveness studies have rarely implemented strategies to reduce the healthy vaccinee bias arising from differences in healthcare&#x2013;seeking behavior between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Although previous observational studies suggest that influenza vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2&#x2013;associated outcomes, the healthy vaccinee bias may have led to overestimating the vaccination effect. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","migration-helper-automated":[],"migration-manual":[],"topic":[],"migration-helper-qa-sample-set":[],"class_list":["post-1942","journal_article","type-journal_article","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":{"citation":"Hosseini-Moghaddam SM, He S, Calzavara A, Campitelli MA, Kwong JC. <em>JAMA Netw Open<\/em>. 2022; 5(9):e2233730. Epub 2022 Sep 28.","source_url":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2796809","ices_scientist":[1207,1149,1259],"site":[6733],"research_program":[6745],"news_release":[],"journal_article":[],"atlas":[],"research_report":[],"infographic":[],"video":[],"downloads":null,"links":null,"sitecore_item_id":"27A8EE2B-414E-4575-9865-9A0B0C523375","sitecore_item_name":"Association-of-influenza-vaccination-with-SARS-CoV-2-infection-and-associated-hospitalization","sitecore_field_values":"{\n  \"Title\": \"Association of influenza vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated hospitalization and mortality among patients aged 66 years or older\",\n  \"Short title\": \"Association of influenza vaccination\",\n  \"Summary\": \"The study objective was to estimate the association between influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2\u2013associated outcomes.\",\n  \"Citation\": \"<p>Hosseini-Moghaddam SM, He S, Calzavara A, Campitelli MA, Kwong JC. <em>JAMA Netw Open<\/em>. 2022; 5(9):e2233730. Epub 2022 Sep 28. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.33730\" title=\"opens external link\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.33730<\/a><\/p>\",\n  \"Abstract\": \"<p><strong>Importance<\/strong> &mdash; Vaccine effectiveness studies have rarely implemented strategies to reduce the healthy vaccinee bias arising from differences in healthcare&ndash;seeking behavior between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Although previous observational studies suggest that influenza vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2&ndash;associated outcomes, the healthy vaccinee bias may have led to overestimating the vaccination effect.<\/p>n<p><strong>Objective<\/strong> &mdash; To estimate the association between influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2&ndash;associated outcomes.<\/p>n<p><span class=\"bold\">Design, Setting, and Participants<\/span> &mdash; This cohort study was conducted over 2 consecutive influenza vaccination campaigns (2019-2020 and 2020-2021), owing to the substantial COVID-19 burden and the greater validity of influenza vaccination data in the studied age group. The study population included community-dwelling adults aged 66 years or older in Ontario, Canada.<\/p>n<p><strong>Exposure<\/strong> &mdash; Influenza vaccination for a given season.<\/p>n<p><span class=\"bold\">Main Outcomes and Measures<\/span> &mdash; The outcomes of interest included SARS-CoV-2 infection, SARS-CoV-2&ndash;associated hospitalization, SARS-CoV-2&ndash;associated death, and a composite of SARS-CoV-2&ndash;associated hospitalization or death. Cox proportional hazards models were used to measure the association between influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2&ndash;associated outcomes, censoring individuals who moved into long-term care, received COVID-19 vaccines, or died before the observation period end date. Primary care periodic health examinations (PHEs) were explored as a negative tracer exposure (ie, no association expected with SARS-CoV-2 outcomes) and as an effect modifier of the association between influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 outcomes.<\/p>n<p><strong>Results<\/strong> &mdash; Of 2 922 449 individuals aged 66 years or older (54.2% female) living in Ontario, 2 279 805 were included in the study. Among these, 1 234 647 (54.2%) were female and 1 045 158 (45.8%) were male; their mean (SD) age was 75.08 (7.21) years. Those who had received influenza vaccination exhibited a lower incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection than unvaccinated individuals for the 2019-2020 cohort (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.73-0.84) and the 2020-2021 cohort (aHR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.74-0.78). This association was also observed for SARS-CoV-2&ndash;associated hospitalization or death (2019-2020: aHR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.74-0.92; 2020-2021: aHR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.63-0.70). Similarly, undergoing a PHE was also associated with a lower incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection (aHR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.78-0.91) and SARS-CoV-2&ndash;associated hospitalization or death (aHR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.70-0.90), and modified the association between influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection for vaccinated individuals who underwent PHE (aHR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.52-0.74) and for vaccinated individuals who did not undergo PHE (aHR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.76-0.87), and also SARS-CoV-2&ndash;associated hospitalization or death in vaccinated individuals who underwent PHE (aHR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49-0.88) and vaccinated individuals who did not undergo PHE (aHR, 0.85, 95% CI, 0.76-0.95).<\/p>n<p><span class=\"bold\">Conclusions and Relevance<\/span> &mdash; The findings of this cohort study suggest that undergoing a PHE may at least partially modify the association between influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2&ndash;associated outcomes in individuals aged 66 years or older, providing evidence of the healthy vaccinee bias that may affect vaccine effectiveness studies.<\/p>n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2796809\" title=\"opens external link\">View full text<\/a><\/p>\",\n  \"Research Programs\": \"{91C9D48C-5B00-4FE5-9ABD-875AEA8F8FAE}\",\n  \"ICES Locations\": \"{4FCAABBA-14A5-42E6-8F33-BC6C2F1D9908}\",\n  \"ICES Scientists\": \"{A63E52B6-A1CB-4479-9F43-492E65695C5B}|{14489280-87E2-4E37-BCF5-35BDF557014F}|{0B617331-32A4-4D9D-B5B4-F6BC7C1DCDA7}\",\n  \"Posted Date\": \"20220928T000000\",\n  \"Show on Publications Landing Page\": \"1\"\n}","previous_url":"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/Publications\/Journal-Articles\/2022\/September\/Association-of-influenza-vaccination-with-SARS-CoV-2-infection-and-associated-hospitalization"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>ICES | Association of influenza vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated hospitalization and mortality among patients aged 66 years or older<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Importance &#x2014; Vaccine effectiveness studies have rarely implemented strategies to reduce the healthy vaccinee bias arising from differences in\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/publications\/journal-articles\/association-of-influenza-vaccination-with-sars-cov-2-infection-and-associated-hospitalization-and-mortality-among-patients-aged-66-years-or-older\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ICES | Association of influenza vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated hospitalization and mortality among patients aged 66 years or older\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Importance &#x2014; Vaccine effectiveness studies have rarely implemented strategies to reduce the healthy vaccinee bias arising from differences in\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/fr\/publications\/journal-articles\/association-of-influenza-vaccination-with-sars-cov-2-infection-and-associated-hospitalization-and-mortality-among-patients-aged-66-years-or-older\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ICES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ICESOntario\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-06-14T23:51:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ices.on.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/ic-es-data-discovery-better-health-logo.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"675\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/publications\\\/journal-articles\\\/association-of-influenza-vaccination-with-sars-cov-2-infection-and-associated-hospitalization-and-mortality-among-patients-aged-66-years-or-older\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/publications\\\/journal-articles\\\/association-of-influenza-vaccination-with-sars-cov-2-infection-and-associated-hospitalization-and-mortality-among-patients-aged-66-years-or-older\\\/\",\"name\":\"ICES | Association of influenza vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated hospitalization and mortality among patients aged 66 years or older\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ices.on.ca\\\/fr\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2022-09-28T04:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-06-14T23:51:52+00:00\",\"description\":\"Importance &#x2014; 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