There are challenges to timely adoption of, and ongoing adherence to, evidence-based practices known to improve patient care in the intensive care unit (ICU).  Quality improvement initiatives using a collaborative network approach may increase the use of such practices.  Our objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel knowledge translation program for increasing the proportion of patients who appropriately receive the following six evidence-based care practices: venous thromboembolism prophylaxis; ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention; spontaneous breathing trials; catheter-related bloodstream infection prevention; decubitus ulcer prevention; and early enteral nutrition.

The authors will conduct a pragmatic cluster randomized active control trial in 15 community ICUs and one academic ICU in Ontario, Canada.  The intervention is a multifaceted videoconferenced educational and problem-solving forum to organize knowledge translation strategies, including comparative audit and feedback, educational sessions from content experts, and dissemination of algorithms.  Fifteen individual ICUs (clusters) will be randomized to receive quality improvement interventions targeting one of the best practices during each of six study phases.  Each phase lasts four months during the first study year and three months during the second.  At the end of each study phase, ICUs are assigned to an intervention for a best practice not yet received according to a random schedule.  The primary analysis will use patient-level process-of-care data to measure the intervention's effect on rates of adoption and adherence of each best practice in the targeted ICU clusters versus controls.

This study design evaluates a new system for knowledge translation and quality improvement across six common ICU problems.  All participating ICUs receive quality improvement initiatives during every study phase, improving buy-in.  This study design could be considered for other quality improvement interventions and in other care settings.